ノート:黒鉛炉
> 世界ではこの炉が約12%使われている<！-- 何に対する12%？何年現在のデータ？-->。
12%の出所はATOMICAからと思われます。
> ソビエト連邦でこの炉が初めて作られたが、それは発電が目的ではなく原子爆弾の材料を作る為の炉であった。
この文章の意図が良くわからないので削除しました。
219.107.155.204 2004年12月11日 (土) 13:51 (UTC)
I could not read why deleted & don`t know if right place but please help for entry at right place maybe translation[編集]
Article was kept in Talk also other not english or german Wikipedias and information normally readable by english speaking japanese already as short description out of head of 2 new reactor designs asking for Full Zero Risk means also quake >12 tsunami >100m A380 airplane crash secure. You can build THOR design at same place in Fukushima without any possible risk left from reactor even if japan around fully destroyed not only because just main block needed without any active cooling or electricity needed at accident case normally for pebble bed types with special hard and high melting steel+conrecte+steel walls additionally because also opend secure with outgoing helium not radioactive and c11BN pebbles still holding secure inside even with water coming in also not bursting , not burnable near diamond hard unsoluble in water addition stoppsandsystem. Also ODIN design holds all with lithium less radioactive less spreading with also closed pebbles out of c11BN with steel+concrete+steel and no need for active cooling latest stoppsand catcher. Lithium is same execellnt coolant and moderator with negative VOID on bubbles slowing down alone. You can reask on email adress added at end. Japan and rest of world must build +5TW until 2050. Exploration maximum about oil 2011-2015 gas+coal 2025 with coal top from china 2011 share 49.5% 3.5*USA just 35 years reserves indionesia 17 years that level. 2011 oil +1.5% but bases 2008 just 0.77% just because of Saudi Arabia gas +3% coal +6% china coal +8,8% means that rate 2020 doubled. 2050 about 5TW lost from today with <50% today oil exploration but also 25 years after gas+coal maximum additional annually +2% energy demand rise in world. Japan without own fossil reserves. BRD bad example with atomic power stopp from minority and no possible party to choose for atom. BRD <2% solar+wind energy from all needed 450GW electricity 75GW much too less, slow+expensive. MONJU breeder was not bad also ODIN with Na or K and SiC pebbles is fast breeder but with secure core catcher much better and securer than inside EPR. Na going out there was relative harmless. Fukushima (NO nuclear deaths but 19000 by quake+tsunami. Unlucky but mistakes with construction) Germany did secure better before with 4+2-4"diversitären" generators fully bunkered also tanks and special own energy reactor mode not depending on batterie and filtered outlet for H2 or overpressure but far not as secure like THOR and ODIN with much higher efficiency as VHTR... THOR can stand under water with turbines broken away just better cooled staying closed or# opend fully secure. Quake >12 and tsunami with ships, trucks, houses inside can`t open harder steel+thick concrete+steel after inside just c11BN+W+c11BN-pebbles+stoppsand+not rad. helium.
THOR He-c11BN/SiC-Li/NaK77-pebble bed VHTR unburnable with Full Zero Risk and more compact(++ODIN Li/Na/K-Li-c11BN/SiC-pebbles-pillar VHTR using lithium as excellent moderator + coolant) THOR He-c11BN/SiC-Li/NaK77-pebble bed VHTR unburnable with Full Zero Risk and more compact because density of cBN with isotope 11B or SiC is higher than for graphite. c11BN about same moderation like graphite but unburnable, stable and dense up to 2800°C (graphite weak >2500° and porous), melting 2973°C thermal conductivity >> copper 740W/(m*K), unsoluble in water, near diamond hard both hot harder diamond, density cBN 3,45 g·cm−3 graphite 2,1 - 2,3g/ccm SiC 3,21 g·cm−3, about 100$/kg for cBN without 10B/11B dividing, 10 mio t world borone reserves with 80% 11B and recycable. cBN is cubic borone nitride, SiC is silicium carbide. Pebbles can be fully out of c11BN because moderation like graphite without SiC layer against outgoing of the fission products like in 0.9mm TRISO or QUADRISO particles inside pebbles OR fully out of SiC for fast breed mode combined with tungsten reflector, instead also possible direct gas turbine construction divide circles with NaK77 eutecticum melting -12.6°C boiling 785°C (maybe pressurized) or preheated cheap (6$/l) lithium melting 180°C boiling 1340°C securer with high boiling point and best thermal capacity of all earth alkali metals out to mercury+water-steam turbines, 3*stopp <1s with stoppsandsystem and stopping not collecting bottom part, turnable stoppregulation rods with refelctor/aborber side inside neutrone cone inside tungsten side reflector turned to stopp by spring <1s holded el. magn. for run position, inner shorter stopp rods spring accelerated el. magn holded before falling through inner 11BN/W-tubes with holes between pebble bed <1s in middle additionally used normally as helium chimneys for inner thermal fan supported helium flow through pebble bed and holding W-basket up and all around down, wall out of W/Mo/ThC/U238C-steel with cooling rips outside, thick concrete, double wall out of Mo/W-steel with coolant Li/NaK77 all around and cBN-plates with cooling rips increasing surface to helium circle at top c11B/W side cBN bottom c10BN with W-reflector closed holes in basket against neutron lsos, inner stopp rods holded by W-rope for removing upwards and saving space in height, over pebble bed is stoppsand room also same colled with el. magn. holded flaps for stoppsand (SiO2+neutron absorbers) also in case of He-pressure loss with SiO2 holding < melt point 1715°C and boiling point >2200°C also erasing inner fire in case of graphite use. Security 100% for quake >12 tsunami > 100m and A380 crash because staying closed & opend still secure with He not radioactive&pebbles closed. Like other pebble beds negative temperature coefficient security and no need for active cooling & electricity. THOR description add: Walking way inside stoppsandroom with cooled between roof to pebble bed with machinery for turnable stoppregulation-rods and addable fans to passive thermal helium flow with engines there and exhangable bearings... for fans inside under closed entry with double bunkered doors also for helium refill and Xe, Kr extraction or for entry over flaps into inner pebble bed side also for exhausting stoppsand used as last reserve not dividable if upon after <1s in case of bunker blaster break through also erasing fires and overtaking better cooling than with helium without pressure in lost case. Inside also passive melting switches+bolts and mercury shock swap switches. THOR main block is seure also if turbines cut away and tubes there broken without any need for active cooling and any electricity in accident cases also extreme closed with special hard melting point rised steel+thick concrete+double steel+BN+W until unburnable, unsolubable and diamond hard c11BN-pebbles with stoppsand reached. Mercury turbines matching excellent with VHT used historically with only problem to low temperatures with coal today mercury amount to be saved because price high about 450$/l lithium 6$/l but with much higher efficiencies possible in combination with water steam turbines heated by water mercury condenser and turbine cooling. c11BN can be molten under inert gas in special stoven maybe also etched with not only fuel rest at high burn up rates interesting more 11B saving. At about 100$/kg for cBN maybe for masses later same price like for c11BN about 400t for >0.5GWE only 40 million $ with planned mass end price one billion $ same 2 billion $/GWe cheaper than EPR finnland 6 bill. €/1.6 GWe ! Using just tungsten for basket+side reflector+bettwen roof+inner hole tubes in combination with SiC pebbles most secure fast breeder ever build in world but also ODIN a securer fast breeder with stoppsand core catcher system add.
ODIN Li/Na/K-Li-c11BN/SiC-pebbles-pillar VHTR using lithium as excellent moderator + coolant & excellent security VOID for inner circle without fuel or stopp rods but stopp & fuel pebbles continiously in and out of inner thermal (+el. magn.pumped) lithium stream up through a tungsten reflector tube and around down. Again around up and down with Li-divide circles then to mercury+water-steam-turbines. 2 * stopp pebble insertion <1s at bottom and middle high, ADDITIONALLY stoppsand core catcher under inner circle tube out of HfC(3890°C)/TaHfC + cBN-plates and thick Mo/ZrO2/MgO with c11BN/SiC-pebbles rolling closed out until buried under stoppsandmountaion as secure sand melter until decay heat too low without build up of pressure and spreading risk opend, lithium also burned not spreading with burning protection gas like Xe, SF6 or cheap argon Ar, lithium is paramagnetic for contactless iot moving parts el. magn pumps. Between core tube, heat exchange and upon no free space left for compactness with 2-3*core heat transfer possibility up to boiling point 1340°C without pressure after falling moderation over bubbles called VOID the pressure holded with critical point (thermodynamic) 2950°C mercury ca. 1500°C water 374°C already. Lithium also binding tritium, bromine and iodine like wished, not expanding on solidification like expensive bismut(+eutecticums), high thermal expansion for thermal flow with He-filled expansion room for bubbles. Pebbles in/out over sieves... also quick insertion of stopp pebbles out of c10BN/c11BN with absorber or other material combinations with neutron absorbers like B,Si,In,Cd,Sm,Dy,Gd,Er,Th,Lu,Ho,Tm+xenon gas. USING Na or K instead Li with SiC pebbles fast breeder mode else high moderated for much thorium use or less enrichment fuel. ODIN description add: Up and down around tungsten reflector tube with some isolation between maybe concrete can be passive thermal with addable el. magn. pumping of preheted paramagnetic lithium. Around again heat exhange with as much as needed surface increament first up and around down the to the side to the turbines and back encolsed again with thick also isolating concrete also melting buffer before steels melting with outside coolimng rips steel again there but less spreading with less radioactive lithium & normally always closed c11BN or SiC pebbles not opening also at core catching time about >2000° bottom out spreaded and stopped with HfC/TaHfC-dome + huge (400m²?) cBN-plates spread area and thick sintered MgO(no water)/Mo/ZrO2 with passive heat movement optimized also to bottom over ankering Mo-steel rods and up to pillar into space of stoppsand store with energy going just into melting of sand taking much more energy than same volume of water without rising pressure and spread risk opend. Also el.magn divide circles pumping addable to also a security thermal flow and always passive heat away in high temp. area not melting not building up pressure or less holdable pressure then active cooling adds with secured electricity added. No graphite, no water inside, no pressure needed or not much build up all cases with also no active cooling or electricity neeed in emergeny cases. Stopping pebbles going inside without electricity needed for holding flap sieve that are holding the stopp-pebbles before against streming inside side chamber near bottom down area and middle high reserve system together <1s active. Fuel and stopp pebbles with 2 different sizes for selected extraction of all or just single pebbles with sieves insdie lithium main stream also relyable. Like for pebble bed normally about 10 times through over 3 years always measured for reinsertion/extraction with possible opening for out taking. ODIN don´t wasting space between core and heat exchange or for crane upon with long heat up way upwards inside tungsten relector tube inside lithium and long cool down way downwards with excellent cBN+Li heat movement for much more power same outer size than EPR and much more efficiency over high temp. collecting and using alls heat and the mercury + water steam combination with critical point mercury 1500°C. Possible exchange of Li with Na or K combined with SiC pebbles for fast breeder mode driven on lower temp. maybe under some higher pressure. Instead fuel pebbles also direct into lithium nuclear fuel insertion and extraction together with maybe chem. bound fission products possible In principle ODIN also running also with conventional stopp+ fuel rods using lithium and maybe c11BN/SiC cladding but pebbles later better ! EPR must wait until fuel rods molten and open for core catching with just 0.5m sacrifice concrete just under core and ZrO2 and just cheap early melting cast iron 170m² spread area with limited to less toilet water cooling system IRWST storing up much rad. pressured H2-water steam driven normally with just 325°C at 160bar and presure loss problem and overpressure problem later and H2 passive converters just holing <10% & explosive border 4% H2 in air instead secure Li/He+sand combination ! Unclear if generator snorkels quake proof >30m with diversitären gens. and melting switch for stopp rods in case of electronic failures added ? kayuweboehm(at)yahoo.de